A general history of the world

At that time, the Russians in Siberia were also trying to develop trade relations with China. The Chinese responded in the same way: by tightly controlling and restricting trade. The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) and the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) stipulated that Russians could do business in the three adjacent points of the two countries and send caravans to Beijing every three years. The Chinese allowed them to build a church in Beijing and keep a priest and three associate priests, but the number of their order in the capital of China was limited to 300. Under these conditions, a small number of goods were exchanged-Russian furs, leather goods, textiles, cattle, horses and glass products were exchanged with Chinese silk, tea, lacquerware and porcelain (see Chapter 8, Section 4). In these earlier centuries, the cultural interaction between China and the West was limited to the efforts of the Jesuits to spread Catholicism. The Jesuits had realized that in a country with an advanced culture like China, the usual means of converting the people by preaching among them would not work, so they concentrated their efforts on making friends with the court and the bureaucrats. In 1582, Matteo Ricci settled in Canton with permission, and 20 years later moved to Peking; during his stay, he impressed Chinese officials and intellectuals with his knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. When he finally dared to argue about religion,inflatable amusement park, he tried to prove that Christianity was compatible with Confucianism. Later Jesuit priests continued this practice; they served as technical specialist, mentors, and diplomatic agents, making themselves useful to Ming and Manchu emperors. Jesuit priests helped the Chinese forge their first cannon and negotiate their first treaty with Russia. These practices did not lead to mass conversions to Catholicism, but they did gain respect for Western Christianity and science; by the 18th century, more than 300,Inflatable 5k obstacle,000 Chinese were Catholic. It was unfortunate for the Christian cause that the Jesuits' accommodation of Confucianism led to a dispute with other Catholic orders and its final disaster. At that time, the main problem was the "ritual dispute", that is, whether Chinese ancestor worship was compatible with Christianity. The Jesuits maintain that the right to worship ancestors is merely a secular ritual designed to maintain the continuity of family traditions. The Dominicans and Franciscans, on the other hand, believe that it is a pagan religious rite and is incompatible with Christianity. In 1745, when the Pope finally ruled against the Jesuits, the Chinese emperor, already hostile to this long quarrel and to the insolence of the occasional papal envoy to his court, retaliated by forbidding all Christian missionary activity. Since then, Christianity has declined rapidly in China. The end result of these centuries of Jesuit missionary activity has proved to be negligible. In fact, at that time, inflatable bounce house with slide ,inflatable floating water park, China's examination system and Confucian ethics left a much deeper impression on Europe than European science and mathematics left on China. A European traveler at this time called the Chinese Di nostra qualita- "people with our merits.". The Chinese probably never thought of returning such praise. In the century after the Pope's ruling, there was no exchange of ideas between China and the West. After the first conflict with Europe, the Chinese remained supremely confident and independent. They confined Western merchants to a few seaports and frontier trading posts, recognized the tributary relationship with some exceptions in dealing with international affairs, and expressed only a momentary interest in Jesuit teachings on science and theology, which they eventually abandoned and forgot. Never before in history has a nation been so confident in the future, yet so ill-founded. Five, Japan absorbs Chinese civilization. Japan is even more isolated from the rest of Eurasia than China. Few travelers have reached the shores of Japan, so it has given rise to much speculation and myth. Marco Polo, for example, despite his extensive travel and official connections, can only repeat a few rumors when referring to Japan. "The people of the great island of Japan," he wrote, "are white, civilized, and beautiful; idolaters who are dependent on no one, and possess an incalculable amount of gold." Compared with China, Japan was obviously a marginal country and a marginal civilized area when Europeans first came in the 16th century. This does not mean that the Japanese are primitive; in fact, they have developed a complex and dynamic society. When the Europeans first arrived, the initial reaction of the Japanese was positive, with many converts to Christianity. But then, like the Chinese, they rebelled against these "rude barbarians" and virtually severed all ties with the latter. However, the Japanese finally realized that the closed-door policy was not feasible, so they began to study the Western way and change it to meet their own needs. Because of their unique historical and cultural background, the Japanese have achieved remarkable success, quickly leaving the Chinese, who have long been their mentors and friends, far behind. As far as Japan's history is concerned, the importance of geographical location is particularly obvious. In this respect, the Japanese archipelago is very similar to the British Isles on the other side of Eurasia. The former, however, is more isolated than the latter; the body of water separating the Japanese islands from the mainland is 115 miles wide, while the English Channel is only 21 miles wide. Therefore, the Japanese suffered only one serious threat of foreign invasion before they were defeated by the United States in modern times, that is, in the 13th century. Therefore, as far as the distance between Japan and the mainland is concerned, it is close enough that the Japanese can benefit from the great Chinese civilization. They are so far away that they can choose and resist external things at will. In fact,inflatable air dancer, the Japanese are unusually sensitive and alert to what they import from abroad. Although they are generally regarded as a borrower people, because of its isolation, it has developed a culture more largely of its own independently than any other people at a broadly similar level of population and development. joyshineinflatables.com

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